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Schäffer affair
The Schäffer affair was an incident between 1815-1817 when Georg Anton Schäffer attempted to take the Hawaiian Islands for the Russian-American Company, and therefore the Russian Empire. In 1815 Schäffer sailed to Kingdom of Hawaii to retrieve the Company goods seized by Kaumualii, chief of Kauai island. A simple mission led by an inexperienced but ambitious physician unfolded into a major blunder for the Company. Kaumualii, who sought outside help in his domestic rivalry with king Kamehameha, invited Schäffer to his island and manipulated him into believing that the RAC could easily take over and colonize Hawaii. Schäffer, "losing all touch with reality",〔 planned a full-blown naval assault of the rest of Hawaiian islands and sought support for his "conquest" in Saint Petersburg. Mounting resistance of Native Hawaiians and American traders forced Schäffer to admit defeat and leave Hawaii in July 1817, before his triumphant reports from Kauai reached the Russian court. The Company recognized a loss of no less than 200,000 rubles but continued entertaining "The Hawaiian project" until 1821. The Company then sued Schäffer for damages, but after an inconclusive legal standoff found it easier to let him go back to Germany.
==Background==
The Russian-American Company had since 1804 maintained "more or less regular ties",〔 with the Hawaiian king Kamehameha I.〔Bolkhovitinov 1997, p. 276-277, describes the contacts between captain Yuri Lisyansky and Kamehameha. The king displayed interest in purchasing seagoing ships and selling foodstuffs to the Company.〕 Governor Alexander Andreyevich Baranov arranged an exploratory expedition to the islands in 1808 under Ludwig von Hagemeister. Hagemeister proposed purchase or outright takeover of Hawaiian land, but this opportunity was not followed and the business was limited to irregular purchases of foodstuffs, salt and sandalwood.〔Bolkhovitinov, Nikolay. (''Adventures of Doctor Schäffer in Hawaii, 1815-1819 ).'' Hawaiian Journal of History 7 (1973) pp. 55–78.〕 Archibald Campbell was present on the voyage reported that the Russian planned to "form a settlement upon these islands", although Campbell "never observed that any other steps were taken in this affair."〔Campbell, Archibald. (''A voyage round the world, from 1806 to 1812.'' ) New York City: Wan Winkle, Wiley and Co. 1817, pp. 80-81.〕 After the visit of Hagemeister, King Kamehameha contacted Baranov about a visit to New Archangel to establish a formal commercial treaty with the RAC.〔Alexander, W. D. ''Proceedings of the Russians on Kauai. 1814-1816.'' Papers of the Hawaiian Historical Society No. 6 (1894), pp. 1-21.〕
On January 30, 1815 a Company ship, ''Bering'', dropped anchor near Waimea,〔 with an estimated 100,000 roubles worth of furs.〔 Captain James Bennett intended to use the ship's cargo to purchase foodstuffs for Russian settlers in Alaska.〔 On the next night ''Bering'' ran aground in a storm; two months later the stranded crew was evacuated from Kauai by ''Albatross''.〔 Bennett reported that the ship and its cargo was seized by chief Kaumualii〔〔〔Mills, p. 110, writes that plundering of shipwrecks and burning houses was a normal Hawaiian custom.〕 (''King Tomari'' in contemporary Russian sources〔). Bennett and two other American captains employed by the Company pressed Baranov to wage an armed punitive expedition against Kaumualii.〔 The proposal stirred long discussions between Baranov and his deputies; Baranov clearly favored a peaceful solution.〔Bolkhovitinov 1997, p. 281〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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